Hist Overview & Context Statements - 1995HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT STATEMENTS
FOR THE
CITY OF CAMPBELL
SUBMITTED TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING DIVISION
CITY OF CAMPBELL
BY
ARCHIVES A1VD ARCHITECTURE
GLORY ANNE LAFFEY
353 SURBER DRIVE
SAN JOSE, CA 95123
NOVEMBER 30,1995
HISTORIC OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT
FOR THE
CITY OF CAMPBELL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Prehistoric Period ..............................................................................................1
The Colonial Period (1777-1846) ..................................................................... 2
.
..
18'TI
1847
d
i .5
.
) .....................................................
-
o
(
The Early American Per
Horticultural Period (1878-1918) ......................................................................9
Inter-Waz Period (1918-194~ ........................................................................ 11
Incorporation and Beyond (1945-1994) .......................................................... 12
SUNIIvIARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DEVELOPMENT ........................................... 13
HISTORIC THEMES ................................................................................................. 14
1. Architecture and Shelter .............................................................................. 14
2. Agriculture .................................................................................................. 16
3. Manufacturing and Industry ........................................................................ 16
4. Resource Exploitation and Environmental Management ............................ 17
5. Communication and Transportation ............................................................ 17
6. Commerce ................................................................................................... 19
7. Government and Public Services ................................................................ 20
8. Religion and Education ............................................................................... 21
9. Social, Arts and Leisure .............................................................................. 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 23
ii
INTRODUCTION
The first step in effectively evaluating the significance of historic properties is the under-
standing of the historical context of the region. The development of Campbell's cultural
landscape is complicated by the immigration of different cultural groups, resulting in acon-
temporarylandscape that is an accretion of layer upon layer of values and uses imposed on
the land through time. The goal of this report is to discuss and summarize important as-
pects of Campbell's economic, social, cultural, and political history in order to provide a
contextual framework for the evaluation of the city's historical resources. Because Camp-
bell did not develop in a vacuum, it has been necessary in many cases to discuss county,
state, or national developments and the impact of these events or trends on development in
Campbell.
Campbell's past can be divided in several distinct periods. Each of these periods is charac-
terized by a dominant culture, economic activity, or development trend. The names and
dates of these periods are approximate and suggestive rather than precise and definitive.
Within the discussion of a historical era, recurring themes are identified and characterized
by landscape features or resources that were introduced in, or were peculiar to, that particu-
lar temporal period. An emphasis has been placed in the narrative on historical events and
developments during the earlier temporal periods. Geographical patterns of land use also
emerge throughout the historical narrative.
It is recognized that a multitude of ethnic groups made contributions to the development of
Campbell. For the purposes of this overview, however, the specific contributions of vari-
ous ethnic groups were noted only if the culture group characterized a particulaz period in
the development history. Ethnic, as well as other demographic considerations, should act
as an overlay to the temporal and thematic discussions.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Prehistoric Period
The first inhabitants of the coastal area from San Francisco to Monterey were the members
of the Ohlone or Costanoan Native American language group. Although the Ohlones
shared cultural and linguistic similarities, the tribe consisted of eight distinct politically au-
tonomouslinguistic groups. The Santa Clara Valley was occupied by several triblets hav-
ingits own territory within the valley. The natives congregated in rancherias or concentra-
tions of small villages that were related to each other by kinship ties (Levy 1978). Dwell-
ings constructed of bundles of tole rushes fastened to a framework of bent willow poles,
ranged in size from six to twenty feet in diameter. The largest dwelling in the village was
occupied by the chief, who had three wives, and was responsible for entertaining guests
and traders who visited the village. Near the village on the bank of the creek, there was a
sweat-house or temescal as it was called by the early Spaniards. The walls of the sweat-
house were plastered with mud, and hole in the roof served as a chimney. The sweat-
house was used by the men to prepare themselves of hunting.
These early people established their settlements near dependable water sources and other
easily available subsistence needs. Primarily ahunter-gatherer society, the native inhabi-
tants of the valley were able to exploit both the river and estuary environments in addition
to nearby grasslands and oak woodlands for fish, game, and vegetable materials. Tempor-
ary camps were also established in scattered locations in order to collect seasonal foodstuffs
or materials that were not locally available.
The arrival of the first Spanish exploration parties mazked the beginning of the end of the
Ohlone lifestyle in the Santa Clara Valley. Spain began colonizing California as a response
to the threat to its northern borderland by the Russian settlement at Fort Ross and English
and American explorations and commercial expansion. California ports were also neces-
sary to provide provisions for Spain's fleet of Manila galleons in the Pacific.
The Colonial Period (1777-1846)
The process of Spanish settlement of the Santa Clara Valley began in 1769 with the initial
exploration by Sergeant Josh Ortega of the Portol~ Expedition. Subsequent Spanish ex-
plorers noted the desirable settlement conditions of the Santa Clara Valley, including rich
bottom lands, numerous Indian settlements, available timber, and a constant source of fresh
water.
In 1777, Josh Joaquin Moraga and Fray Tomas de la Pena established Mission Santa Clara
de Asis on the west bank of the Guadalupe River. Within a year the El Pueblo de San Jose
de Guadalupe was located on the Guadalupe's east bank. The Guadalupe River became the
boundary between the lands controlled by the mission and the pueblo.
The Spanish colonization strategy utilized three institutions-military, religious, and civil.
The military government, represented by the presidios at San Francisco and Monterey, pro-
tected the Spanish frontier against other Europeans and the colonists against Indian attacks.
The Catholic Church established missions to convert and civilize the aboriginal population.
The neophytes or Christianized Indians were taught to farm raising wheat, corn, and beans
for the mission population, to care for the mission's cattle and sheep, and a number of
other industries (i.e. tanning leather, leather working, soap and candle making, rope mak-
ing, etc.). The Indian women were taught to process wool and weave cloth for clothing.
Indian labor was also used to building mission buildings and dig water channels. Excess
production from the missions were sent to the military garrisons at San Francisco and Mon-
terey. The missions were the dominant colonizing influence in Califortia during the Span-
ish period. Each mission's sphere of influence radiated from its center, with buildings for
worship, housing, and industries, outward to surrounding grain fields and livestock graz-
ing lands.
In November 1777, Lt. Moraga set out from San Francisco to established California's first
civil settlement, the Pueblo de San Jose de Guadalupe, with fourteen settlers and their fam-
ilies, totaling sixty-six people. The pueblo's primary function was to supplement the crops
grown by the missions to support the gazrisons at Monterey and Yerba Buena (San Fran-
cisco). Representing the Spanish government, Moraga laid out the town, allocating house
lots and cultivation plots (suertes) to each settler. The Spanish Crown retained ownership
of the land and the settlers could not sell their land or divide it; therefore, much of the prop-
ertywithin the pueblo remained in possession of the descendants of the original colotizing
settlers until the American Period The common lands (ejido) surrounding the pueblo were
used primarily for grazing the livestock of the pueblo inhabitants.
The colonist's homes, small adobe structures, were clustered around Market Square from
which the roads to Monterey, Santa Clara Mission and the embarcadero at Alviso radiated.
The major transportation routes during this period were little more than trails. They includ-
ed the El Camino Real that connected the pueblo and the mission with the other mrssrons
and the presidios at Monterey and Yerba Buena. This road closely followed the route of
Monterey Road and Fl Camino today. The Alameda follows the old route between the
pueblo and Mission Santa Clara. On the Alameda the padres directed the planting of three
rows of willow trees that shaded travelers between the two settlements. Today, Hrghway
17/Route 880 follows the route of the old Spanish trail between Mission Santa Clara and
2
Mission Santa Cruz Thy road through the Santa Cruz Mountains was originally an old
Indian trail that was improved by mission Indians in 1791 under the direction of the padres.
The route of this road roughly follows Winchester Blvd. as it passes through Campbell.
The early colonists planted crops of corn, beans, wheat, hemp and flax, and set out small
vineyards and orchards. A portion of the crops were taxed far the support of the soldiers at
the presidios and to provision ships in the harbors. Surplus crops were traded in Monterey
for manufactured goods shipped from Spain and Mexico. Rudimentary industrial activities
included grist milling, making wine and brandy, hemp processing, and soap making. As
the cattle herds increased, the hide and tallow trade became an important element in Califor-
nia's economy.
The azea that eventually became the City of Campbell was part of Mission Santa Clara's
grazing lands. By 1827 Mission livestock consisted of 14,500 head of cattle, 15,500
sheep, and scores of horses and mules.
When civil wars erupted between Mexico and Spain in 1810, California found itself cut off
from Mexico, the source of supplies and its primary market for surplus crops. During this
period, illegal trading took place with the foreign ships that surreptitiously visited Califor-
niaports. Seamen off these ships becarrie the vanguard of Amencan and Anglo-European
settlers in California.
By the 1820s, the lagging economy of the area began to increase due to the changing ad-
ministrative policies of the new Mexican government. Two of these policies had important
local ramifications. The first was the legalization of trade with foreign ships in the ports of
San Francisco and Monterey. The traders exchanged tea, coffee, spices, clothing, leather
goods, etc., for tallow and hides. Under the stimulus of this commerce, the settlements
around the bay became lively trade centers. The second change in policy to have far-reach-
ing effects in California was the secularization of the missions and the establishment of
large, private land grants (Brcek 1932:40-46).
With the change of governmental control from Spain to Mexico in 1822 and the seculariza-
tion of the missions, new land utilization and ownership patterns began to evolve. In
1824, Mexico passed a law for the settlement of vacant lands in an effort to stimulate fur-
ther coloiuzation. Any citizen, whether foreign or native, could select a tract of unoccupied
land so long as it was a specific distance away from the lands held by missions, pueblos,
and Indians. The grantee petitioned the governor for a specific tract, which after investiga-
tion and if there were no objections, was granted. The grantee was responsible for build-
ing ahouse and keeping a minimum of 100 head of cattle (Burcham 1957).
Thirty-eight land grants were issued between 1ffi3 and 1846 in the Santa Clara Valley,
with parts of three rancho grants located within Campbell's current city limits. In 1ffi9
Jose Hernandez and Sebastian Peralta applied for the rancho that became known as the
Rinconada de los Gatos. Hernandez and Peralta constructed an adobe near what is now
Vasona Park in Los Gatos. Hernandez had a large family, and Peralta remarried about
1841. By 1847, the two families had outgrown their joint residence and Peralta built a new
adobe neaz the rancho's northern boundary in what is now the J. D. Morgan Park in the
City of Campbell.
The Quito Rancho was granted to Jose Z. Fernandez and his son-in-law Jose Noriega in
1841. In 1844, not long before the death of Fernandez, the rancho was transferred to Ig-
nacio Alviso. Fernandez may have had a hacienda on the west bank of the San Tomas
Creek near the junction of Rincon Avenue. Alviso's hacienda was not located within the
boundaries of the City of Campbell.
3
In 1846, Father Real at Mission Santa Clara granted 3800 acres of Mission Santa Clara's
former grazing lands to Juan C. Galindo who had acted as the mission's majordomo since
secularization. Costing Galindo $100 and 100 head of cattle, the rancho extended down
the corridor between Rancho Rinconada de los Gatos and Rancho San Juan Bautista to the
east. Galindo's primary residence was in Santa Clara at the mission; however, there is
some evidence that there was a small adobe residence near Los Gatos Creek on what later
became the Leigh property.
When a citizen was granted rancho land, he was required to occupy the property and to
build a dwelling within a certain period. Many of the ranchos granted in the Santa Clara
Valley had received provisional grants from the akalde several years before the official pe-
tition to the Governor. Each rancho had a hacienda, which was in many cases aself-sup-
portingvillage, composed of the main rancho residence, laborers' housing, corrals, grist
mill (tahona), tannery, etc., surrounded by vineyazds and cultivated fields.
Overseeing the immense acreage and herds of cattle, the California ranchero and his vaque-
ros spent many hours on horseback, the favored form of transportation. Cattle, allowed to
range freely, were rounded up twice a yeazduring arodeo-in the spring to brand the
calves and again during the late summer for slaughter. The rodeo was often an occasion
for socializing with the neighboring rancho families. With fiesta and fandango; the rodeo
festivities often lasted a week or more.
In the early years of the province, the slaughter, or matanz~, was solely for domestic
needs. Cattle supplied beef to be eaten fresh or dried for future use; hides for shoes, lariats
and outerwear; and tallow for candles and soap. During the period of Mexican rule the
malanza became more systematic and extensive. Hides were carefully stripped from the
carcasses and the tallow was rendered for domestic use and for export. In trade the tallow
brought six cents per pound, from 75 to 100 pounds were obtained from each carcass.
Hides brought from one dollar to $2.50 a piece, becoming known as "California ban-
knotes." The malodorous killing fields could be detected for miles and were presided over
by the vultures, coyotes, and other scavengers feeding on the unwanted flesh (Daniels
1976). The patent map for Rancho Rinconada de los Gatos indicates an "Old Matadero" or
slaughtering ground near what is now Blossom Hill Road in Los Gatos (Lewis 1858).
With the relaxation of immigration regulations by the Mexican government in 1828, more
foreigners began to settle in California, frequently marrying the daughters of local land
owners. San Jose's first "foreign" settler was Antonio Sunol, a native of Spain and recent
resident of France, who arrived as a seaman on a French ship that weighed anchor in San
Francisco Bay in 1817. Always the gracious host, Sunol entertained the foreign visitors
that passed through San Jose, no doubt encouraging many to stay to make homes and take
advantage of the many business opportunities in the area (Delgado 197'7). Of the approxi-
mately 700 people who lived in the pueblo in 1ffi5, forty were foreigners, mostly Ameri-
cans and Englishmen. The first overland migration amved in California in 1841, and by
1845 the new American settlers had increased the population of the pueblo to 900.
The Campbell family were among the many parties of pioneers who arrived in California
via the overland route. Setting out from Missouri in the spring of 1846, the Campbells
were originally part of the same group as the ill-fated Donner Party. The Campbells, how-
ever, took the better known route and arrived at Butter's Fortin the fall of 1846, just in
time to witness the take-over of California by American forces.
Benjamin Campbell, the founder of the town of Campbell, was born on October 16, 1826
in Kentucky. His parents, William and Agnes Campbell moved the family of nine to
4
Salina, Missouri in 1831. In 1845, when Benjamin was 19 years old, the Campbell family
decided to emigrate to California. The elder Campbells, with Benjamin and his brothers,
Thomas and James, and their families gathered in Independence, Missouri in May 1846.
The Campbell party arrived in the Santa Clara Valley about October 25, 1846.
The American presence in San Jose was rapidly changing the character of the pueblo from a
Mexican village to a bustling American town. These new settlers quickly established stores
and various types of small industries. The presence of the growing Amencan population
prepazed the way for relatively easy occupation of California by American forces m 1846.
By the time of America's military conquest, the Anglo-American'scommercial conquest
was well-established. The Mexican population of California observed the influx of Euro-
pean and American settlers with a sense of helplessness. The Mexican governor, Pio Pico,
articulately expressed his concern for California's future in 1846:
We find ourselves threatened by hordes of Yankee immigrants who have al-
readybegun to flock into our country, and whose progress we cannot arrest.
Already have the wagons of that perfidious people scaled the almost inacces-
siblesummits of the Sierra Nevada, crossed the entire continent and penetrat-
ed the fruitful valley of the Sacramento. What that astonishing people will
next undertake, I cannot say; but in whatever enterprise they embark they will
sure to be successful. Already these adventurous voyagers, spreading them-
selves faz and wide over a country which seems to suit their tastes, are culti-
vating farms, establishing vineyards, erecting mills, sawing up lumber, and
doing a thousand other things which seem natural to them (Hall 1871:143).
In the earlier Spanish period, San Jose was characterized as an agrarian village with little or
no commercial activity. With the change to Mexican rule, foreigners began to settle in San
Jose establishing small-scale commercial operations. As the Anglo-Amencan population
increased during the 1840s, the native Californians found themselves suddenly in the mi-
norityand their way of life seriously threatened.
The Early American Period (1847-1877)
This frontier period is bracketed by the military conquest of California in 1846 and the
completion of the South Pacific Coast Railroad between San Jose and Santa Cruz in 1877.
This period is dominated by the superimposition of American culture on the former His-
panicculture and the rapid spread of agriculture throughout the valley. In May 1846, the
United States declared war on Mexico and shortly thereafter the Amencans raised the flag
in Monterey and San Jose. In 1848, the United States acquired the Mexican province of
California in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Closely following the annexation of Cali-
fornia by the United States, the discovery of gold in the Sierra foothills precipitated a sud-
den influx of population to the State. This event served to accelerate California statehood,
achieved in 1850, with San Jose serving as the first State capital.
As the last town on the route to the southern Mother Lode, San Jose became the supply
center for hopeful miners as they passed through the area. Large numbers of these miners
were farmers from the eastern United States and Europe, and could not fail to recognize the
agricultural potential of the Santa Clara Valley. After a period in the Mother Lode, many of
these miners returned to the valley to take up farming. The high cost and scarcity of flour,
fruit, and vegetables during the early Gold Rush made agricultural and commercial pursuits
as profitable and more dependable than mining.
5
The rapidly growing, land-hungry population did not understand the Mexican concept of
land tenure and was greatly frustrated since much of the best land in the San Francisco Bay
area was taken up by the large Mexican grants. In many cases the boundaries of the grants
were only roughly identified, a factor also frustrating to the American settler. The pre-Gold
Rush settler to California obtained land by gaining Mexican citizenship and being granted
land, marrying into the families of Mexican landowners and enjoying lus wife's inhen-
tance, squatting on unoccupied and unclaimed land, or by illegally acquiring it from the of-
ten unsophisticated Mexican owner.
During this frontier period, a combination of many factors formed the beginnings of the
Santa Clara Valley that we know today. One of the dominating cultural tracts of the Ameri-
can population was its urban value system. The American settler naturally wanted to settle
down and establish towns, to speculate in property, and to start businesses and related ac-
tivities. Each town colonized by Americans In the West during the nineteenth century be-
gan with apre-conceived plan expressed by the gridiron survey (Reps 1979). The reason
for the grid plan's popularity was its simplicity. It was easily lard out by semi-skilled sur-
veyors, it apportioned land quickly and efficiently, lots were a suitable shape for the erec-
tion of buildings, and the plan was easily expanded beyond its original limits. It also facili-
tated the transfer of property ownership and tax assessment"
In response to pressure by American settlers, San Jose's Alcalde John Burton contracted
William Campbell to survey 70 blocks for a proper town in April 1847. About the same
time, William was also commissioned to survey the town of Santa Clara. Besides the over-
all effect of facilitating speculation, these early surveys were important elements in the evo-
lution of the urban fabric of San Jose and Santa Clara. Once a street plan was established it
became relatively inflexible as structures were erected and money invested to lay road sur-
faces. These early plans determined transportation patterns within the towns, and influ-
enced the development of business and residential districts. Today, we are living with de-
cisions made by a few men over 130 years ago.
Throughout California, the new immigrants, believing that the territory ceded by Mexico in
the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was now the public domain of the United States, tried to
make claim to lands outside the pueblo. They immediately came into conflict with the Mex-
ican rancho owners. Many settlers took matters into their own hands and occupied the land
in defiance of the law and the grantholder. The squatter maintained the belief that the lands
were public and attacked the legality of Mexican titles. To bring order out of chaos, the
United States government created the California Land Claims Commission in 1851 to vali-
date the Mexican titles by determining legal ownership and establishing fixed boundaries
for Mexican claimed property. Intended to protect the Mexican landowner, this process in
many cases worked to his detriment. The process of title confirmation was long, cumber-
some, and expensive, and many Mexican rancheros found the economic and legal difficul-
tiesinsurmountable. Even when the Mexican property owner gained legal title to his land,
the eviction of the numerous squatters was an almost Impossible task (Broek 1932).
By 1852 Hernandez and Peralta began selling portions of the Rancho Rinconada de los
Gatos. In January 1853, they petitioned the Land Commission to recognize their claim
which was patented to them in 1860 (Land Case 164ND).
Galindo, on the other hand, was not so fortunate. He filed his petition for the Ex-Mission
Santa Clara lands in August 1852. His claim was rejected by the Commission in 1855 and
later by the District Courtin 1863. The court ruled that Father Real had no authority to sell
the mission's lands. Because of the unsettled political conditions of 1846, Governor
Micheltorena had failed to approve tialindo's application for the grant (Land Case 347ND).
Through this period of unsettled land title, Anglo-American farmers "squatted" on t Talin-
6
do's property, waiting the outcome of the confirmation hearings. In some cases the squat-
ters sold their interest to the property to other newcomers further complicating land titles.
In many cases the farmers had to purohase their property several times, from Galindo and
from former squatters, in order to gain cleaz title. With the rejection of Galindo's rancho
claim, this area of the valley became public land and could be claimed under the homestead
laws.
As the productivity of the placer mines fell off and the enthusiasm for gold mining began to
wane, many immigrants turned to the towns and fertile range lands as sources of income.
At the time of the Gold Rush, beef was the only commodity that could be supplied in large
quantities by the Californians. It was necessary to import other foodstuffs plus additional
supplies of beef and mutton. Until the drought of 1864, stockraising continued to be the
pnmazy economic activity. At first the Mexican open range methods were followed since
grazing lands were ample. As smaller farms began to spread throughout the valley, pastur-
age was reduced and stockraising was concentrated in the foothill ranges. More intensive
stock fanning began in the 1860s when cattle were moved from the foothill pastures to
valley feed yards until ready for marketing.
On a smaller scale, sheep raising, paralleled the cattle industry. Large flocks were imported
during the Gold Rush that thrived in the mild Califonua climate and on the cheap range in
the low foothills around the valley. Sheep populations peaked during the 1870s, the num-
berdeclining thereafter as fazm lands extended, and markets for local wool and mutton de-
creased.
The dairy industry developed in azeas that had well-watered pastures, primarily located in
the lowlands along the Bay and near Gilroy. Transportation of fresh milk was a problem in
the eazly years and in the outlying districts most of the milk was used for butter and cheese
production. Almost every farm in the valley kept a couple of milk cows, self sufficiency
being the goal.
When the cattle industry shifted to more intensive methods, hay production became a ne-
cessity. The planting of forage crops and the establishment of feeding sheds led to better
utilization of the range. Hay production peaked during the 1880s and 1890s and only be-
gan to drop with the increased appearance of the automobile after 1900. Most of the hay
and forage crops were used by the dairy industry.
The staple agricultural product after the Gold Rush of 1848 became wheat. A ready market
was assured and the crop was easily handled. The easy cultivation and high fertility of the
soil of the Santa Clara Valley facilitated wheat production with little capital investment. By
1854, Santa Clara County was producing 30 percent of Califontia's total wheat crop. In
1868, one observer noted, in summer the valley was an almost unbroken wheatfield. Other
grain crops, primarily barley and oats, followed wheat in productivity (Brcek 1932; Detlefs
1985}.
In 1847, William Campbell pre-empted a claim to 160 acres of fonmer Mission Santa Qara
lands on what is now Williams Road, one-half mile west of present-day Winchester Blvd.
While busy with his duties as a surveyor, William placed the management of the wheat
farm in the hands of his son Benjamin. William also established awater-powered lumber
mill near Saratoga on Arroyo Quito, known until 1951 as Campbell's Creek, and now
known as Saratoga Creek.
In 1850, Benjamin returned to Missouri to visit relatives where he fell in love with Mary
Louise Rucker. Returning to San Jose in 1851, he purchased 160 acres near his father's
farm, in what is now downtown~Campbell. In the fall of 1851, Benjamin again returned to
7
Missouri and married 17-year-old Mary Louise. In the spring of 1852, Benjamin led a
wagon train of 36 adults and children, all related by mamage or birth, over the plains to the
Santa Clara Valley. Many of this party also took up claims or purchased land in the Camp-
bellvicinity.
Among the early pioneers to settle in the Campbell area were John Bland, Peter Keith,
Archibald Johnson, Zeri Hamilton, A. M. and J. B. Hess, and N. H. Hicks, all settling in
the area in the early 1850s (Detlefs 1981). Detlefs' study of agricultural development and
settlement patterns in Campbell indicates that the earliest settlers engaged in diversified
crops of considerable variability; however, wheat was the most dominant of the crops pro-
duced.
During the early 1850s, regional stage lines were established between San Jose, Santa
Clara, and Saratoga. The road between Santa Clara and Santa Cruz, now Winchester
Blvd., was declared a public road by the county in 1850 (Supervisors Road File #91).
After the toll road over the Santa Cruz mountains was completed in 1858, stagecoach ser-
vice between San Jose and the coast passed through the Campbell district. As the district
became more populated other roads were built to facilitate the movement of farm produce to
markets and transportation hubs. Surveyed in 1856, Bascom Avenue, originally known as
"the Road by Way of the Plains," was "needed to facilitate trade and travel from San Jose
to Forbes Mill, to Jones' redwoods, to Santa Cruz, and to all points southwest of San
Jose" (Supervisors Road File #130). The survey of Quito Road was filed in 1861 to serve
as a road between Santa Clara and McCarthyville (Saratoga) (Supervisors Road File #114).
As late as 1869, farmers in this azea were clearing the brush-dense land for crop produc-
tion. A journalist for the Santa Cruz Sentinel reported his observations as his stagecoach
traveled through the heart of the Campbell district. Upon leaving the Eight Mile House he
noted:
It is a little singular that the best grain, as an average, we saw in the county,
was in this vicinity, from land cleared of the dense chaparral-poison-vine,
greasewood, sage, manzanita &c-growing in every direction. The plan
adopted to clear, is novel. First a lazge wooden roller-very heavy-ts run
over the standing brush-wood, on the principle of some reapers, six horses
being worked behind the roller. This process effectually levels the brush
close to the ground. After the broken mass becomes thoroughly dry, fire is
put into it which consumes everything even with the ground; then comes a
heavy plow, drawn by 10 horses wtuch turns the roots and snags up to the
sun at a depth of 14 to 18 inches; these roots are again gathered into heaps
and carted to San Jose and sold for firewood; then cross-plowing takes
place which effectually and permanently clears the land ready for crops.
By the end of the 1850s, Campbell District farmers were actively experimenting with irri-
gation and a number of ditch companies had been formed. The web of irrigation ditches
radiating from Los Gatos Creek resulted in the creek's dramatic change of course during a
heavy storm in 1866. With adequate amounts of water, wheat became the dominant crop in
the Campbell area during the 1860s. The bottom fell out of the local wheat market during
the mid-1870s and many of the farmers began to switch to other types of crops and more
intensive horticulture.
Although the need for a railroad had been recognized in the early 1850s, the railroad line
between San Francisco and San Jose was not completed until 1864. This event was fol-
lowed afew years later with the completion of the Central Pacific line from San Jose to
Niles connecting San Jose with the transcontinental railroad in 1869. At that time, San
.. 8
Jose became part of the national and world economic network that opened new mazkets for
the agricultural and manufactured production of the valley. -
Inthe 1870s, James Fair built the narrow gauge railroad from the east bay to San Jose by
way of Alviso and Agnews. When plans proceeded to connect the railroad to Santa Cruz in
1877, Benjamin Campbell quickly granted the South Pacific Coast Railroad Company
right-of-way through his property. By April 1877, Chinese labor crews had laid the tracks
through the Campbell ranch, continuing on to Los Cratos. One of the first industries in
Campbell was a sand and gravel quarry for the construction of the railroad, later becoming
the Western Gravel Company.
In 1878 this line was extended through the Campbell area to Los Gatos and completed to
Santa Cruz in 1880. In 1886 a station was located near Benjamin Campbell's ranch house
which became known as Campbell's Station. The coming of the railroad, increasing popu-
lation, and changing agricultural developments ushered in a new era of land use.
Horticultural Expansion 1878-1918
The horticultural potential of the Santa Clara valley was recognized by the mission fathers
who established small orchards and vineyards. Cuttings from these trees and vines provid-
ed the basis of the earliest orchazds and vineyazds in the American Period. By 1852, the
first pioneer nurserymen were importing and experimenting with various types of fruit trees
and by the 1860s orchards were being set out in East San Jose, Milpitas and the north val-
ley. In the 1870s increasing residential and business growth led to the shifting of orchard
areas to new communities such as the Willows, Benyessa, Los Gatos, and Saratoga. The
1880s saw orchards expanding into the Campbell, Evergreen, and Edenvale areas. Or-
chard products dominated agncultural production by the end of the century and fruit pro-
duction peaked in the 1920s. The most populaz of the orchard products was the prune with
acreage expanding rapidly during the 1890s. By the 1930s, 83 percent of the valley or-
chazds raised prunes with the Santa Clara Valley producing ZS percent of the world's trade
(Broek 1932).
The pioneer canning industry was begun in residential San Jose by Dr. James Dawson in
1871. The fruit canning'and packing industry quickly grew to become the urban counter-
part of the valley's orchazds. Other support industries such as box, basket, and can factor-
ies were also established. Orchard and food processing machinery and spraying equipment
also became important local industries. W. C. Anderson started a canning machinery fac-
tory (Anderson Prunedipping Co.) in 1890. Anderson absorbed Barngrover, Hull, &
Cunningham in 1902 becoming Anderson-Barngrover Manufacturing Co. This company
merged with the Bean Spray Pump Company in 1928 to become Food Machinery Corpora-
tion (FMC). The fruit industry thus came to dominate the lives and livelihoods of most res-
idents in the county by the advent of the twentieth century. Early industrial development
located near shipping points and transportation lines.
In the Campbell district, second generation property owners were responding to the re-
duced wheat markets, the success demonstrated by the earlier experimental orchards, and
the rising value of their lands. The first successful commercial orchard in the Campbell
area was planted 1880 by G. W. Gardner followed rapidly by numerous others planted
throughout the decade. The more intensive use of the land for horticultural purposes meant
that a good living could be made from 10 to 20 acres orchards. Large farms were subdi-
vided at a high profit, with the property owner retaining enough acreage to profitably es-
tablish his own orchards. This pattern led to the increased population of the district (Det-
lefs 1981).
9
As the rural population of the county increased, service centers were established in the out-
lying areas to provide social and economic needs of the rural communities. After the South
Pacific Coast narrow gauge railroad line was built through Campbell's ranch in 187'7, con-
necting Oakland and Santa Cruz in 1880. After Campbell Avenue was approved by the
Board of Supervisors as aneast-west artery between the Santa Clara-Santa Cruz Road
(now Winchester Blvd.) and San Jose-Santa Cruz Road (now Bascom Ave.) in the eazly
1880s, and a post office was established in Campbell's home on November 11, 1885, the
railroad constructed a small depot at Campbell's Station in 1886. Anticipating the devel-
opment of thriving town, Benjamin and Mary subdivided their property and laid out the
town in 1885. As devout Methodists, the Campbells stipulated that the new town would be
free of saloons. They began selling residential lots in 1888 and by 1895 this new settle-
menthad become a thriving village (Watson 1989; Cutting 1929,1947).
The railroad station at Campbell was pivotal in the success of the developing orchards in
district. Fresh fruit could now be shipped to the canneries in San Jose. It is believed that
the first railroad shipment of fruit from Campbell came from Francis M. Righter-five
boxes of apricots in the summer of 1886. It wasn't long before Campbell became known
as the Orchard City.
The rapid expansion of orchards in the area, led to the establishment of the world's lazgest
drying yazds and canneries. J. C. Ainsley, George and Charles Fleming, George Hyde,
Perley Payne, and Francis Righter were among the town's pioneering canners and packers.
Area farmers came together in 1887 to form the Campbell Horticultural Association to pool
their crops to sell to packers. The Campbell Fruit Growers' Union, incorporated in 1892,
was agrower-owned concern that branched into drying, packing, and shipping fruit. An-
other early cooperative was the Campbell Framer's Union Packing Company organized in
1909. When the state-wide California Prune and Apricot Growers Association organized
in 1917, it purchased the Farmer's Union plant in Campbell, designating it Sunsweet Plant
One.
Other industrial developments during this period include served the growing fruit industry
or the building needs of the community. There were lumberyards, cement block compa-
nies, apump building company, as well as blacksmiths, carpenters and plumbers.
Changes in transportation during this period were also a major influence on developmental
patterns. Samuel Bishop built the first electrical interurban streetcar line in the West when
he electrified the line between San Jose and Santa Clara in 1887/1888. The streetcars were
converted to overhead electrical trolley lines in 1891. The trolley lines provided inexpen-
sive public transportation that spread across the valley to the Willow Glen district, Alum
Rock Park and Santa Clara. The Interurban Railroad had lines to Saratoga, Campbell, and
Los Gatos by 1905 and the Peninsular Railway had lines from San Jose to Palo Alto and
Cupertino by 1915.
The first automobiles appeared in the valley in the late 1890s. Several pioneer automobile
factories, the first in California, were established in San Jose after 1900. Clarence Letcher
opened the first "garage" in the Westin 1900 and in 1902 opened the first service station,
which boasted "a gasolrne station of 110 gallons which measures the amount of gasoline
sold" (James and McMurry 1933:142). The fast motor bus line in the State was started up
Mt» Hamilton in 1910. In Campbell, early automotive needs were provided by Preston's
Garage by 1917. Billiken advertised itself as asuper-service station wtth gas, orl and tires,
as~ well as sandwiches, ice cream and sodas. Trucking was important in Campbell in the
early 1900s. Trucks loaded and unloaded the rail cars of fruit at the depot, as well as pro-
viding delivery service for hay, wood and coal businesses.
10
Along with the advances in the automotive industry, were the first experiments in aviation
and communications. John Montgomery, a professor at the University of Santa Clara,
flew the first heavier-than-air glider in 1893 and was making significant aeronautical dis-
coveries when he was killed in a glider accident in 1911. Roy Francis, as a young man
who grew up in the Union district, began his flying career in 1910 as a barnstornung pilot.
Many of Campbell's urban services were established during this period. In 1892, the
Campbell Water Company was Campbell's first utility. Although the town had one gas
street light in 1895, it wasn't until 1904 that United Gas and Electric Company provided
the first electrical power to the downtown business district. Electric street lights, paid for
by public subscription, were installed in 1916. By 1898, telephone service was provided
by Sunset Telephone and Telegraph company of San Jose, with a Campbell office estab-
lished in 1906. Campbell's first locally owned telephone company was established in
1906.
During this period, the development of Campbell's downtown business district was
spurred by the organization of the Campbell Improvement Club in 1898, to be replaced by
the Boazd of Trade in 1917. By 1918 the town had a newspaper, a bank, a hotel, numer-
ous markets and shops, restaurants, and service and specialty shops. The one thing the
town did not have were saloons and liquor stores. True to his temperance beliefs, Ben-
jamin Campbell had decreed that Campbell would be a "dry" town.
Inter-War Period 1918-1945
After World Waz I, Santa Clara County entered a period of great posterity characterized by
the spirit of boosterism. Three projects were initiated in 1929 that spurred growth: the de-
velopment of the water conservation program, the connection of the Bayshore Freeway
between San Jose and San Francisco, and the establishment of Moffett Field as a Navy di-
rigible base. All these projects were in place by 1939.
During the post-World War I period, population growth continued to expand the urban
boundaries as orchards were replaced by residential developments. Urban services also
continued to expand. Gazbage service commenced in 1927. The Sanitary District was
formed in 1938 and pipes were laid for sewers in 1940.
Automobile ownership continued to grow. San Jose in 1930 had the greatest weekday auto
traffic count in the State and was the only California city whose week-day traffic count ex-
ceeded that of holidays. The County averaged an automobile for every 2.92 persons (James
and McMurry 1933: 164). Highway improvements include the widening of the San Francis-
co and Oakland highways in 1929-1932, the construction of the Bayshore Highway in the
County in 1927 and realigning and widening the Santa Cruz Highway. With increa.9ed auto-
mobile competition, streetcar lines were abandoned during the 1920s and 1930s to be re-
placed by private bus lines.
World War II, like the Gold Rush a century before, had a major effect on the changing
character of the county. The San Francisco Bay area was the gateway to the Pacific theater
from 1941 to 1945. The large naval air station at Moffett Field became a center of much
activity. Thousands of military personnel were brought to the area for training and pro-
cessing, exposing the valley to public view.
Events at Stanford University were also setting the stage for significant developments in the
post-World War II period. Frederick Terman became an engineering professor at Stanford
in 1930. Under his guidance the university became a leader rn the field of electronics.
11
Many of the university's pre-waz graduates played important roles in the post-waz devel-
opment of the electronics industry.
Incorporation and Beyond 1945-1994
William Hewlett and David Packard, two of Professor Terman's students at Stanford, de-
veloped electronic test equipment in a Palo Alto garage in 1939. During the waz this small
company obtained government contracts and continued to grow during the post-war period.
In 1954, the Stanford Industrial Park was established attracting the companies of Hewlett-
Packard and the Varian brothers, also students of Terman, as well as Sylvania, Philco-
Ford, General Electric, and Lockheed's research laboratory. These companies formed the
nucleus of what became known as Silicon Valley.
Attracted by the increasing job market, the population of the valley experienced phenomenal
growth after 1950. Between 1950 and 1975 the population increased from 95,000 to over
500,000. During this period residential subdivisions replaced orchards at amazing speed.
Rural roads widened into freeways, and expressways and boulevards were lined with res-
taurants and automobile salesrooms.
The population growth in Campbell and the surrounding area was both unprecedented and
overwhelming. As the defense industry and electronics industry attracted people from all
over the world, new demands arose for housing. Along with the housing explosion came
the need for more schools, and freeways were constructed to transport commuters from
homes to their jobs. Rising land values and property taxes induced farmers to sell their or-
chards to land developers, often relocating to still rural areas of California. Campbell soon
became a bedroom community in the modem Silicon Valley.
Efforts to incorporate the town of Campbell first went to the voters in 1906. Although the
subject of much discussion, the issue was not until brought to the voters until 1946. The
bid failed by a narrow margin of 10 votes. In 1952, facing the threat of being gobbled up
by its voracious neighbors and the impending loss of county services, the voters again
considered incorporation. On Tuesday, March 11, 1951, by a narrow margin of 50 votes,
the incorporation advocates won the day. The city held its first official election in 1952
electing a city council and other city officials.
Soon after World Waz II, the business community launched an active campaign to attract
new non-agricultural related industries to county. By the 196os, the county's economic
base was dependent upon the electronic and defense industries. The 1970s saw the devel-
opment of the personal computer industry stimulated by Apple's "user friendly" computers.
Campbell was launched into the high-tech arena by the IBM card plant, followed by Zrlog
and Nuclear Services. Apple Computers located a refurbishing plant in Campbell.
The automobile was the basic mechanism that has allowed the development of the valley.
In the years following the war the American public intensified its love affair with the auto-
mobile. No longer content with one "family car," it has become necessary for everyone in
the household to have a car and/or recreational vehicle. Beginning in the early years of the
century, America, and California in particular, had become acar-oriented society by mid-
century. This aspect of American culture rs reflected in the architecture and resource types
of the contemporary period. Suburban housing tracts are characterized by prominent, at-
tached two or three car garages. Commercially, the period ischaracterized bythe prolifera-
tion of fast food chains and other quick service, car-oriented establishments.
During the contemporary period, the city expanded outward along major transportation ar-
teries. Meeting the needs of the rapidly expanding residential areas shopping centers began
12
to appear in different parts of the community. The commercial migration from the down-
town business district started in 1952 with the construction of the San Tomas Shopping
Center served the San Tomas area In 1956 the Campbell Shopping Center on Winchester
Boulevard. These shopping malls were followed by Hamilton Plaza in 1959, the Campbell
Plaza in 1963, and the Pruneyard in 1968. The Pruneyard is dominated by the 17 story
skyscraper, Campbell's first high rise.
Meanwhile, downtown Campbell was undergoing a transition. When new malls began to
take business from the area in the 1970s, The George Hyde/Sunsweet Growers cannery
complex was converted into aretail/business center known as "The Factory." In 1983, the
Campbell city council voted to revitalize the neglected downtown area The historic charac-
ter of Campbell's downtown was enhanced as a pedestrian environment and the restoration
of its historic commercial core was encouraged
SUMMARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DEVELOPMENT
An understanding of the spatial development and patterns of land use during the various
periods of San Jose's history is necessary in order to predict the location of various types
of historical resources likely to be found in designated survey areas. This section will re-
view the geographical development within Campbell's downtown core and original city
limits, the surrounding agricultural districts, and later suburban development outside the
original city limits.
Geographer Jan Brcek (1932) identified three agricultural phases through which the Santa
Clara Valley passed after 1850. The first phase from 1850 to 1865 was characterized by
cattle ranging, extensive wheat cultivation, and all around experimenting with crops. Dur-
ingthe second phase, beginning in 1865, wheat farming dominated cattle raising and the
foundations were laid for specialization in horticulture. From 1875 through the 1930s,
horticulture superseded the declining wheat culture, and many other forms of intensive land
utilization were developed under the Increasing use of irrigation. The size of the ranches in
the valley were closely correlated with these changing land uses. The Mexican ranchos
consisted of several thousands of unfenced acres over which cattle ranged. Early American
ranchers followed the Mexican practice of free ranging their cattle for some years; however,
the spread of farm enclosures and environmental factors caused the large stock ranches to
give way to more intensive land use in the form of a smaller stock breeding farms or dairy
farms confined to several hundred acres. Wheat farms during this period also ranged from
100 to 500 acres in size, averaging 213 acres in 1880. With the increasing crop value per
land unit the large farm became unnecessary, and the correlated increase inland prices, cul-
tivation costs, and growing population led to the all around subdivision of farm lands into
highly specialized "fruit ranches" from 3 to 50 acres in size. By the 1890s, the valley
ranked as one of the foremost fruit producing districts on the Pacific Coast.
Until American settlement, the Santa Clara Valley outside the settlements at the mission and
the pueblo was largely undeveloped and utilized primarily for the grazing of livestock. In
the late 1820s and 1830s, large tracts of land were granted by the Mexican government to
California citizens. As each of these ranchos was occupied the landowners constructed
residences, laborers' housing, corrals, grist mills, tanneries, etc., in order to provide the
basic needs of the rancho community. Three Mexican settlements are known to have been
located within Campbell's city limits. The Sebastian Peralta hacienda near the northern
boundary of the Rancho Rinconada de los Gatos, the hacienda of Jose Fernandez on Ran-
cho Quito, and possibly an adobe residence occupied by Juan Galindo during the last years
of the Hispanic period.
13
Farms in the Campbell area developed according to the land use patterns identified by
Brcek. Early wheat farms consisted of parcels of several hundred acres. With the arrival
of the railroad in 1877 and the success of early experiments in fruit packing and canning,
by the early 1880s the owners of the large wheat farms around Campbell began subdivid-
ingtheir properties and planting orchards. Earlier farms were more widespread and the
basic farm complexes consisted of farmhouse, barn, and well, windmill and water tower.
As the parcel sizes decreased during the horticultural period, in addition to the residence,
animal barn, and water tower, fruit processing buildings such as cutting sheds were added
to the farm units.
In November 1882, Benjamin Campbell had surveyor Charles Herrmann survey his prop-
erty for the Town of Campbell . By 1887, the town had a railroad depot, a post office and
a town hall. The first residential lot was sold in 1888 and by 1895 Campbell was a thriving
village. The commercial center developed at the intersection of Campbell and Central av-
enues. Residential development spread outward from the urban core during the following
decades. The town's first industrial activities centered around the fruit industry. Drying
yazds, packing houses and canneries developed inclose proximity to the railroad depot.
Fruit growing and fruit processing industries were the primary economic forces in the
Campbell area until the early 1950s. By that time, the post-World Waz II population boom
was underway and rural communities were in danger of being swallowed by the aggressive
annexation activities of San Jose and other larger cities in the county. Campbell and many
of the other smaller communities across the valley incorporated. Since incorporation
Campbell has annexed numerous parcels as the residential development took over the sur-
rounding orchards.
HISTORIC THEMES
The California State Historical Resources Commission has identified nine general themes
covering the entire range of California's diverse cultural heritage. These themes are: Abo-
riginal,Architecture, Arts/L.eisure, Economic/Industrial, Exploration/Settlement, Govern-
ment, Military, Religion, and Social/Education. Using these broad California themes as a
guide, specific themes for the historical development of Campbell have been developed.
Suggested Campbell themes are: Architecture and Shelter, Agnculture, Manufacturing and
Industry, Resource Exploitation and Environmental Management, Communication and
Transportation, Commerce, Govenunent and Public Services, Religion and Education, and
Social, Arts, and Leisure. In many cases, resources may relate to more than one of the
identified themes.
Two of the themes identified by the State of California, Aboriginal and Fxploration/Settle-
ment, are not reflected in the following discussion. The California themes include aborigi-
nal sites that relate to all aspects of Indian culture and occupation whether prehistoric or
historic. Although aboriginal prehistoric and historic sites are important resources to pre-
serve, the identification and preservation of such sites is specialized and distinct from the
goals of this study. Aboriginal sites are not included in the City's Inventory. Whereas
Exploration/Settlement isnot specifically identified as a theme for Campbell, any resources,
especially within the temporal ranges up to 1870, may also be identified anth this category.
1. Architecture and Shelter
Architecture/Shelter as atheme includes buildings representing various architectural periods
and styles, structures designed by outstanding architects, and those resources that relate to
residential living arrangements and landscaping.
14
Potentially resources associated with this theme could date from the earliest settlement of
the area by Sebastian Peralta, Jose Fernandez and Juan Galindo in the 1840s. American
farmers began settling in the area as early as 1848, squatting on rancho lands or pre-empt-
ing homesteads. Early farm complexes consisted of simple gabled or wing-and-gable farm
houses. As farmers became more prosperous in the later decades of the century, some
farmhouses began to reflect currently popular architectural styles: Gothic Revival, Ital-
ianate, and Queen Anne. These styles featured the use of elaborate wood decorations
(shingles, spoolwork, brackets, and moldings), bay windows, and wrap-around porches.
After 1888 when the first lots were sold in the village of Campbell, the eazliest residential
neighborhoods developed on the old Benjamin Campbell Ranch along Campbell Avenue.
Relatively modest in form, these homes also reflected the currently popular "Victorian" ar-
chitectural styles of the late 19th century.
Around the turn-of-the century, architectural tastes were changing due to the influence of
the Arts and Crafts Movement. As this was also a time of rapid growth in the town of
Campbell, these early 20th century styles are particularly characteristic of the downtown
neighborhoods. Although the simple gabled structures continued in popularity, home
styles began to reflect the horizontal lines of the Craftsman and Praine styles. Simplified
versions of these styles are commonly called bungalows. Interest in the California's
Spanish roots was also reflected in architectural styles. Spatish Colotial and Mission
styles became popular in Campbell after 1915 and through the 1930s. Other revival styles
also gained popularity during the 1920s and 1930s, especially Colonial and English Re-
vival.
During the 19th century, some of the more prosperous farmers had homes designed by ar-
chitects who had offices in San Jose, i.e. Levi Goodrich, Theodore or Jacob Lenzen,
Francis Reid, or J. O. McKee. More commonly, however, houses were built from plans
or designed and built by their owners with the help of a local carpenter. Some carpenters
became building contractors using published house plans. Several of thesecarpenter/
contractors lived and worked in Campbell. George Whitney, known as the "Builder of
Campbell," worked in Campbell from 1888 through the 1930s. Other builders were
Walker Vaugh and Anthony Bazgas.
Also an important representation of this theme aze the small cottages J. C. Ainsley con-
structed for his employees east of his cannery. There were also labor camps for the lazge
force of seasonal workers that came to Campbell during the height of the fruit processing
season.
Multi-tenant housing was not prevalent in Campbell until the modern period. As early as
1896, however, there were several hotels that catered to travelers and visitors. Some of the
larger homes in town were converted to rooming houses that provided housing for seasonal
workers at the canneries and packing houses.
Following World War II, large housing developments replaced the orchards that sur-
rounded Campbell. Farmhouses were moved to a more convenient location or were incor-
porated into the development to stand beside its more modern neighbors. As the commer-
cial core has expanded, the relocation of houses out of the path of development has been a
frequent response.
15
2. Agriculture
This theme includes resources that relate to the various aspects of the development of local
agriculture. Most of the early development in Campbell can be related to its agriculture
heritage.
The earliest land use in the area was for grazing livestock. As the area was settled by
Americans in the early 1850s, the land was cleared and cultivated for crops. Although
most of the farms were economically diversified, wheat was the major crop in the valley
through the 1870s. There were several experimental orchardists in the distnct during the
1860s and 1870s, however, it was the Doming of the railroad in 1877 that igtited the con-
version from field crops to orchards. By the late 1880s, Campbell was known at the Or-
chazd City.
Farm complexes throughout the district consisted of a farmhouse, barns, and equipment
sheds. Most of the simple gabled outbuildings were of single-wall construction, frequently
of unpainted redwood. As large landholdings subdivided and the smaller orchazd ranches
increased, complexes included drying yards and fruit processing buildings that included
cutting sheds, fruit barns, and dehydrator tunnels.
After the turn-of-the-century, several large poultry farms and hatcheries were established in
Campbell. Many of the hatcheries were located on Winchester Avenue and Sunnyoaks Av-
enue became known as "chicken land." Many local residents also raised chickens and
turkeys to be dressed and sold for the table. Egg production was another of the poultry re-
lated economic activities of the area. Resources associated with poultry farms and
hatcheries included chicken houses and buildings for the egg incubators.
3. Manufacturing and Industry
This theme includes sites and structures that represent the development of the fruit process-
ingindustry, technological development, and the production of goods. Industry in Camp-
bell was primarily associated with the processing of fruit from the surrounding orchards.
The first cannery was established by J. C. Ainsley in 1891 and the earliest fruit packing
operation was established by the Fleming brothers in 1887. Immediately successful, these
eazly industrial operations continued to expand through the 1930s. Since the shipping was
important, these companies were located neaz the railroad depot. Other major companies
included the Campbell Fruit Growers Union that became the George Hyde Company to
1909, and the Campbell Farmer's Union Packing Company that was bought out by the
California Prune and Apricot Growers Association in 1919, becoming Sunsweet Plant #1.
Some of the most successful in the valley, these companies employed hundreds of people
during the season.
The cannery complexes consisted of wood frame, metal-sided, and brick buildings that
housed conveyor belts and canning equipment. Warehouses stored bulk materials, box and
can supplies, and canned fruit awaittng shipment. The Ainsley and Hyde plants also in-
cluded other types of employee amentties that included workers' housing, cafeterias, rest
areas and rest rooms, childcare facilities, playgrounds and kindergartens, and tennis
courts. Large elevated tanks held water that was necessary for the canning process.
The early packing plants included cutting sheds, fruit dippers, and large drying yards with
miles of track for moving the large fruit laden drying trays. There were also butldings and
warehouses for packing and storing the dried ftwt. In 1937, the Campbell Cooperative
Dryer was organized. This facility originally included a four tunnel dehydrator, a green
fruit platform with self-spreading dipper, and a500-ton dry-fnut warehouse. In the fol-
16
lowing years the dehydrator was enlarged several times as mare farmers brought their fruit
to the cooperative dryer rather than drying the fruit themselves. By 1948, the Dryer had in-
creased in size to forty-eight tunnels, the largest of all cooperative dryers. This dryer
ceased operation in 1971, as almost all of the orchards in the valley had fallen to make way
for residential housing.
Other industries included the manufacture of cement blocks. A company the made cement
building blocks for foundations, fences and chimneys was established in 1904. Floyd and
Lewis Bohnett and inventor H. E. Clauser patented a interlocking concrete building block.
Holding the local distribution rights, Floyd established a manufacturing plant on the Boh-
nett ranch in the Cambrian district and he established the Thermotite Construction Company
with its office in San Jose in the 1920s.
Since the 1950s, character of the town has changed from a agricultural center to a include
many industrial parks. The first was the Dell Avenue-Division Street light industrial area.
4. Resource Exploitation and Environmental Management
This theme includes all resources that aze related to the exploitation of natural resources,
and the manipulation, preservation, or reclamation of the environment. Water is always the
most important factor in settlement and development patterns. Some of the earliest efforts
at managing the environment that took place in the Campbell azea were the irrigation com-
panies that began forming in the 1850s. During the early American period, most of the
farming in the area was "dry farming" that did not require large amounts of water. As other
types of crop experimentation progressed and orchards were planted, a reliable source of
water was crucial to their success. By the 1870s, the San Jose Water Company was taking
control of the water shed area above Los Gatos, and gaining control of the water in Los
Gatos Creek. As technology improved, ground water was tapped as wells were bored for
domestic and irrigation water, until by the early years of the 20th century extensive irriga-
tion and continued drought had greatly depleted groundwater supplies.
The other side of the water question flood control became an important issue during years
of heavy rainfall. By the 1920s, flood control and water conservation districts were being
formed to effectively manage water resources. Campbell was in the forefront of conserva-
tion efforts, due to the activities of Campbellites State Assemblyman L. D. Bohnett and
engineers Fred H. Tibbetts and Stephen E. Kieffer. Resources related to water manage-
ment may include water ditches, levees, pumping stations, wells, water towers, windmills,
dams, and percolation ponds.
Other resource exploitation activities include gravel quarries and brickmaldng. When the
railroad was under construction, a gravel quarry on Los C3atos Creek provided gravel for
the road bed. The brickyazd of Holm and Waymiller was established on Los Gatos Creek
near Hamilton in 1892. Resource evidence of these types of exploitation activities will be
scant, consisting primarily of excavation pits.
5. Communication and Transportation
This theme includes all sites that relate to communication and transportation services and
associated technological development. The establishment of mail service, newspapers,
telegraph and telephone service, and radio and television are all evidence of cultural
progress. Transportation includes roads and services associated with public and private
vehicles. Railroads not only interlinked different areas within valley, they also gave local
businesses and industries access to markets across the state and nation, as well as faalitat-
ing passenger travel.
17
Transportation
The earliest transportation routes established during the Spanish period were little more
than trails, many following the prehistoric Native American trails. The old Spanish trail be-
tween Mission Santa Clara and Mission Santa Cruz roughly follows the route of Winch-
esterBlvd. and the old San Jose-Santa Cruz Highway. This road through the Santa Cruz
Mountains was originally an Indian trail that was improved by mission Indians in 1791 un-
der the direction of the padres. This route was barely more than a trail for the use of pack
animals until the 1850s when a toll road was constructed to facilitate stagecoach travel be-
tween the two towns. Soon after statehood was achieved, the county supervisors declared
the Santa Clara-Santa Cruz Road (now Winchester) and the San Jose-Santa Cruz Road
(originally called the Route of the Plains, now Bascom Ave.) to be public roads. Until
1886, these were the only public roads in the Campbell azea. Campbell Avenue was the
first east-west road in the azea and aided in the settle of the village of Campbells in the late
1880s. As this area became more populated, other public roads were established, many
corresponding with private roads between farms that had been used for some time. Many
of these roads originally or continue to carry the names of the adjacent property owner (i.e.
Payne, Williams, Leigh, Hamilton, etc.).
During the nineteenth century, the horse provided the basic means of transportation, aug-
mented by donkey or ox, and the use of wagon or carriage. Associated resources and ser-
vices included livery stables, saddle and harness shops, blacksmith shops, wheelwrights,
wagon and carriage manufacturers, feed lots, and hay and grain stores. To facilitate cross-
ing local creeks, bridges were constructed. Road side services also became popular.
These included "mile houses" for watering, resting or changing horses, and for providing
food and drink for the rider.
By the turn-of-the-century the automobile was making its presence known. As the auto in-
:,reased in popularity, new types of services appeazed and roads were improved. Re-
sources associated with these changes in transportation preference include service stations,
garages, road signage, and signal lights. As time passed, narrow rural roads widened into
freeways, and expressways and boulevards were lined with restaurants and automobile
salesrooms and services.
The automobile has been the basic mechanism that has allowed the development of the val-
ley. In the years following World War II, the American public intensified its love affair
with the automobile. Bymid-century, America, and California in pazticulaz, had become a
car~riented society. This aspect of American culture is reflected in the architecture and re-
source types of the contemporary period. Suburban housing tracts are characterized by
prominent, attached two or three car garages. Commercially, the period is characterized by
the proliferation of fast food chains and other quick service, car-onented establishments.
The railroad was also important development in changing the face of the valley. In 1875,
Santa Clara Valley strawberry growers became determined to avoid paying high shipping
rates charged by Southern Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads. The growers group
fonned the Santa Clara Valley Railroad Company with the intention of constructing a rail
line from Alviso to the Santa Cruz Mountains. This line was taken over by the South Pa-
cificCoast Railroad, that completed a narrow gauge line from Alameda County tQ Santa
Cruz in 1880. By August 1877, the South Pacific Coast established freight service from
Dumbarton Point through Campbell to Los Gatos. Both the SPC and SP constructed spurs
and sidings to serve fruit packing compaties and local industries. In 1886, a depot was
constructed in Campbell and a SPC line took off from Campbell to New Almaden. The
South Pacific Coast Railroad was purchased by Southern Pacific in 1888 and eventually
18
converted to a broad gauge track. In 1905, the Interurban Railroad had lines from Sara-
toga, Campbell, and Los Gatos to San Jose. This line was replaced by bus service by
1932. Resources associated with rail transportation include passenger and freight depots,
tracks, water tanks, and switching yards.
Communication
Dependable communication by mail was established in San Jose as early as 1847 with an
official post office established in 1849. Early postal service for the Campbell area required
a trip to the closest post office. Post offices were established in Santa Clara in 1851, in the
Saratoga area in 1855, m Lexington in 1861, and at Los Gatos in 1864• The Campbell
post office was established in 1885. Up until 1958, the post office occupied residences
and rented buildings. City home mail delivery was not inaugurated until 1947, so resi-
dents had to visit the post office to pick up marl. The post office would have been an im-
portantinstitution as a meeting place for netghbors to greet one another and share bits of
news.
The Campbell post office was the first rural route established on the west coast, and its
overwhelming success helped establish rural free delivery across the nation. In 1904, the
rural post carrier began making deliveries by automobile, possibly the first to do so in Cali-
fornia. Before mail boxes were standardized, early mailboxes consisted of large cans,
cigar boxes, stove pipes, and the like, mounted on a post at a height easily reached by the
mailman from his buggy.
Campbell's first newspaper, the Campbell Weekly Visitor, was established in 1895, with
its office and printing office located on Central Avenue by 1896. In subsequent years,
other newspapers were located in Campbell-the Campbelllnterurban Press 1904 and the
Campbell Press in 1935.
Telephone service was established in Campbell in 1898 by the Sunset Telephone and Tele-
graph Company of San Jose. J. C. Ainsley had a telephone and telegraph installed in the
cannery office in 1901 so that telegrams could be sent to England regarding fruit ship-
ments. The Farmer Mutual Telephone Company, the first local telephone company, was
started in 1906 to provide telephone service to the rural farmers. The first exchange was at
the Keesling home near Hamilton and Bascom. This company changed its name in 1911 to
the Campbell Telephone Company. Pacific, Telephone, and Telegraph bought all the rural
lines in the county in 1937.
Resources associated with telephone include the office and exchange buildings as well as
poles, insulators, switchboards, crank type telephones, and eazly pay phoneboxes.
6. Commerce
This theme includes all resources that relate to the development of trade, finance, market-
ing, advertising and other commercial activities. Numerous commercial enterprises neces-
sary for the economic success of Campbell as a town had been established in the heart of
the village. By the mid-1890s, the Town Council followed by the Board of Trade, the
Chamber of Commerce, created a friendly atmosphere that attracted new residents and busi-
nesses to the town. The commercial district developed primarily along Campbell Avenue,
which was soon lined with small stores and shops. In 1920, several prominent business-
men for the Campbell Building and Investment Company that built several stores and resi-
dences. They would eventually own and develop much of what is now the historic down-
town business district.
19
Due to the temperance beliefs of the Campbell family, there were no liquor stores and sa-
loons in Campbell. After the repeal of the Volstead Actin 1933, the first such business to
sell spirits was the Busy Bee Restaurant. Residents voted in June 1933 to repeal prohibi-
tion inthe town, and in July the Campbell Pool Hall opened offering card games, sand-
wiches, and beer.
As the population of Campbell increased after World War II, shopping centers were estab-
lished to serve new neighborhoods. The first was the San Tomas Shopping Center on San
Tomas Aquino and F1am Avenue, which included a grocery store, vanety store, cleaners,
and a post office substation in 1949. In 1955, the Campbell Shopping Center on Winch-
esterBlvd. at Latimer was opened, to be followed by Hamilton Plaza in 1959. The first
large chain store was Breuners Furniture Store constructed on Hamilton Avenue in 1962.
The Pruneyard Tower and Shopping Center, opened in 1970, bet~anme valley showplace
and its 17-story office building was the tallest office building between San Francisco and
Los Angeles for many years.
Professional services such as doctors, dentists, druggists, lawyers, and engineers could
also be included in this theme.
7. Government & Public Services
This theme includes sites and resources related to the development of local government,
public services, and public utilities. Although Campbell was not incorporated as a city until
1952, from the 1890s public spirited citizens banded together to see that Campbell public
needs were met. They worked towazd the improvement of streets, encouraged planting
street trees, and organized the volunteer fire department. The Campbell Improvement Club
organized in 1907, raised money "to promote the best interests of Campbell and vicinity
and encourage every movement that will enhance its attractiveness as a home and business
center." The group lobbied the County Board of Supervisors to improve roads and
bridges, and to hire a local constable to maintain law and order. In 1925, the Chamber of
Commerce took over responsibility for preserving law and order and maintaining the
amenities to make Campbell a pleasant place in which to work and live. These duties were
fulfilled by the Chamber until the town was incorporated in 1952.
Among the many public functions and services that fail under this theme aze the fire de-
partment, the offices of the constable and justice of the peace, and the police department.
Resowces include fire houses, police station; buildings used as a court houses and a town
hall. Resources also include various types of civic improvement projects such as side-
walks, city pazks, and other types of public landscaping and monuments.
Public utilities can also be included. Campbell's first utility was the Campbell Water Com-
pany organized by the Campbell family to supply water for domestic purposes, sprinkling
of roads, manufacturing power, and for irrigation. Starting with a small tank, the company
erected two tanks that held 60,000 gallons of water, and as needed more and larger tanks
were erected. In 1918, the company was taken over by the Hyde Investment Company.
An office was constructed in 1926, and in 1927 a new pump house was built. The follow-
ing yeaz the old wooden water tank were replaced with of 75,000 gallon steel elevated tank
that became Campbell's landmazk structure. As the town grow, the water company's ser-
vice area expanded. New mains were installed and additional pumping stations were con-
structed. The company merged with the San Jose Water Works in the late 1970s. Re-
sources associated with the water company includes the water tank, now a City Landmark,
pumping stations, water mains, and fire hydrants.
2D
The first street lights in Campbell were fueled by gas from an acetylene generator at White-
man's Hardware store. The United Gas and Electric Company of San Jose brought elec-
tricity to Campbell in 1904. In 1921, the Campbell lighting District was formed which
allowed the community to tax itself to provide electricity.
Gas service did not arrive in Campbell until the 1920s when the ladies of the Campbell Im-
provement Club petitioned P.G.&E. to lay gas lines to the area By 1928, the company
had open on office in Campbell where customers could sign up for gas meters ar elednctty
and pay their bills.
In the early days, sanitary needs were met by the privy pit or leach lines and antiseptic tank.
By the early 19oos, however, the influx of cannery workers seriously overtaxed the can-
neries' outhouses. The canneries also produced a great quantity of decaying fruit and mal-
odorous cess pools. Led by Dr. Walter I. Merrill, local doctors continued to lobby for
stronger sanitary measwes through the 1930s. In 1938, the Campbell Sewer District was
formed and with financing and labor provided by bonds and the W.P.A., vitrified sewer
pipes were laid in the streets in 1940. Outhouses were outlawed after June 1940 and resi-
dents with indoor plumbing connected to septic tanks or cess pools were allowed three
years to connect to the system.
Dr. Merrill also lobbied for garbage disposal service. The standard practice was for prop-
erty owners to bury trash on the rear of their property, or to fill privy pits with household
trash. More often it was allowed to accumulate in heaps in backyards. It was not uncom-
mon for homeowners to periodically load a truck load with trash and dump it in the nearest
creek. As Health Office in 1927, Dr. Merrill persuaded many homeowners to pay 50¢ a
month to have trash hauled away by the Los Gatos Scavenger Company. The Los Gatos
Scavenger Company, whose name was changed to Green Valley Disposal Company in
1967, has continued to provide disposal service to its Campbell customers.
8. Religion and Education
These closely allied themes include resources associated with the development of religion,
and public and private education. The first churches in Campbell were organized soon after
the town was established, and met in the Campbell Town Hall. The Methodist church was
organized in 1888 with many its founders members of the extended Campbell family. The
first church building was constructed in 1891 on Campbell Avenue. The Congregational
Church was formed in 1889 and erected its first building in 1892 on Central Avenue.
The first Roman Catholic services were held in 1912, and was St. Lucy's church was es-
tablished in 1914 as a mission of St. Martin's parish located in the Burbank area of San
Jose. The first church was constructed in 1929 on the comer of Rincon and Third Street.
The parish opened St. Lucy's School in 1953 that was staffed by Sister of Notre Dame de
Namur. The original chwch building was outgrown by 1957, and a new chwch was con-
structed on Winchester Avenue. This church was outgrown and replaced in 1967. St.
Lucy's also played an important social role in Campbell because of the many social and
service clubs that were organized by parishioners.
These were the earliest churches to fonm in Campbell, to be followed by numerous other
denominations in the 1930s and 1940s.
Education in the early 1850s, was often provided by parents that banded the children from
several neighboring ranches for instruction. The first school district to form was the More-
land District in 1851, to be followed by Hamilton District in 1855, Cambrian and Union
districts in 1863, San Tomas in 1885, Campbell in 1888, and Meridian in 1897. Under the
21
authority of individual school boards and the County Superintendent of Schools, these
schools consisted of small one or two room schools as scattered locations. As the student
population increased in the school district, larger school buildings were constructed.
In 1920, Hamilton, San Tomas, Meridian, and Campbell districts consolidated to form the
Campbell Union School District. In 1923, the district constructed the beautiful new Camp-
bell Union Grammar School designed by architect William Weeks on the corner of Winch-
esterand Campbell Avenue. This building served as the only grammar school is the district
until 1964. When the West Valley College District was formed in 1964, the building be-
came the first college facility. The building was vacated in 1976 and sold in 1979. Much
of the facade of the original building was preserved and incorporated into the Heritage Vil-
lage Project which retains much of the appearance of the beautiful Weeks-designed school.
Up until 1900, students who wanted education beyond grammaz school had to travel long
distances to a public high school. In 1900, residents from the Campbell, Cambrian, Ham-
ilton and San Tomas districts united to form the Campbell Ution High School District. At
first sharing the Campbell Grammar School building, a high school was constructed in
1904. In 1930, William Weeks was hired to design a new high school which was opened
in 1936 and additional classrooms and the auditorium were completed by 1938. When the
high school closed in 1980 due to declining enrollment, it became the City of Campbell
Community Center.
9. Social, Arts, and Leisure
This theme includes resources that are associated with the cultural and recreational pursuits
of Campbell residents. This category includes resowces associated with dance, drama,
music, art, and literatwe; organizations and institutions such as social and civic clubs, hos-
pitals, and museums; recreational activities and sports; and sites representative of general
social mores and various ethnic lifestyles. Clubs and organizations the were organized in
Campbell include the early civic improvement clubs, the YMCA, WCTU, various fraternal
organizations, the Orchard City Gunge, and men's and women's service groups.
Of particular importance was the Country Woman's Club organized in 1905 under the lead-
ership of Ida Price. One of the first activities of the club was to establish the Campbell Free
Library. A small library building was constructed on the corner of Campbell and First
streets in 1907. In 1923, a new building was constructed that housed both the library and a
club room which was also available for community events. This building hosted the coun-
cilmeetings for the newly incorporated City of Campbell in 1952.
The Pundita Circle, organized in 1908, raised funds and donated avast-iron El Camino
Real Mission Bell to the community in 1912. The bell was placed on the high school
grounds at the interjection of Winchester Blvd. and Campbell Avenue. After the school
sites were vacated this important landmazk was donated to St. Lucy's Church on Winch-
ester Blvd.
Parks and city beautification were projects that interested the Town Committee as eazly as
1896. Campbell's first park developed at the railroad station. Due to the natural beauty of
this orchazd district, however, the need for more public parks was not felt until the 1950s.
Notable parks and open spaces include Campbell Park, John D. Morgan Park, and the Los
Gatos Creek Recreation prod ect.
22
BIBLIOGRAPHY _
Arbuckle, C.
1968 Santa Clara County Ranchos. San Jose: The Rosicrucian Press, Ltd.
1985 Clyde Arbuckle's History of San Josh San Jose: Smith & McKay Printing
Co.
Bowman, J. N.
1951 Adobe Houses in the San Francisco Bay Region. In Geologic Guidebook
of the San Francisco Bay Counties, O. Jenkins, ed. San Francisco: Divi-
sion of Mines, Bulletin 154.
Brcek, J. O. M.
1932 The Santa Clara Valley, California: A Study in Landscape Changes.
Utrecht: N.V. A. Oosthcek's Uitgevers-Mij.
Chavez, David and Jan M. Hupman
1990 Cultural Resources Investigation for the Vasona Transportation Corridor
Project, Santa Clara County, California. Report prepared for David J.
Powers and Associates.
County of Santa Clara, Board of Supervisors
#91 Road File, Winchester Blvd.
#114 Road File, Quito Road.
#130 Road File, Bascom Avenue.
#132 Road File, San Tomas Aquino Road.
#315 Road File, Campbell Avenue.
#350 Road File, Leigh Avenue.
Cutting, T. A.
1929 Historical Sketch of Campbell. Campbell: Press of R. H. Knappen.
1947 History of Campbell. Campbell: T. A. Cutting & Sons.
Daniels, G. G., editor
1976 The Spanish West. The Old West series. New York: Time-Life Books.
Delgado, James P.
1977 Witness to Enpire: The Life of Antonio Maria Sunol. San Jose: Souris-
seau Academy, SJSU.
Detlefs, C.
1981 The Process of Settlement: The Historical Development of Campbe11,1850-
1887. Presented to the Department of Social Science.
1985 Flour Milling in Santa Clara County, 1840-1898. Thesis prepared for the
School of Social Science, San Jose State University.
23
Forbes, Alexander
1831 California: A History of Upper and Lower California. London: Smith Fl-
der & Company. (Reprinted by University of California, 1937)
Hall , F.
1871 The History of San Jose and Surroundings. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft
and Company.
Hess, Alan
c1985 Googie: Fifties Coffee Shop Architecture. San Francisco: Chronicle
Books.
James, W. F. and G. H. McMurry
1933 History of San Jose California. San Jose: A. H. Caston, publisher.
Jenkins, O. P.
1951 Geologic Guidebook of the San Francisco Bay Counties. Bulletin 154.
San Francisco: California Division of Mines.
Jordan, T. G. and L. Rowntree
1982 The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography.
Third edition. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers.
King, T. and P. Hickman
1973 The Southern Santa Clara Valley, California: A General Plan for Archaed-
ogy. Part I of Archaeological Impact Evaluation: San Felipe Division,
Central Valley Project. Report prepared for the National Park Service.
Laffey, G.A.
1981 Urbanization in Farly San Jose, 1846-1870. Paper presented to the Depart-
ment of Social Science, San Jose State University.
1981 Genesis of Fruit Culture in Santa Clara County. Paper presented to the De-
partment of Geography, San Jose State University.
1982 Water Management and Urban Growth in San Jose 1846-1870. Masters
thesis presented to the Department of Social Science, San Jose State Uni-
versity.
Levy, R.
1978 Costanoan. In California VIII, Handbook of North American Indians,
edited by R Heizer. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Lewis, William J.
1858 Patent Map for Rancho Rinconada de los Gatos. In the Collection of
William A. Wulf.
McCaleb, C. S.
1981 Tracks, Tires and Wires: Public Transportation in California's Santa Clara
Valley. Glendale: Interurban Press.
24
Manditch, M.
1975 The Growth and Development of San Jose, California--Social, Political,
and Economic Considerations. Masters thesis presented to the Department
of Sociology, San Jose State University.
Mars, Amaury
1901 Reminiscences of Santa Clara Valley and San Jose. (San Jose: Smith &
McKay Printing Co., reprint 1976).
Payne, S. M.
1987 Santa Clara County: Harvest of Change. Northridge: Windsor Publica-
tions, Inc.
Sawyer, E.
1922 History of Santa Clara County, California. Los Angeles: Historic Record
Company.
Raab, L. M.
1985 California Comprehensive Heritage Resource Management Plan: Santa
Bazbara Element (Draft 1). Santa Bazbara County Heritage Planning
Group.
Reps, J.
1979 Cities of the American West: A History of Frontier Urban Planning.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Santa Cruz Sentinel
1869 Over the Mountains. July 3.
State of California
1852 Population census.
Tracy, C. C.
1859 Plat of the Quito Rancho finally confirmed to Manuel Alvisu, et al.
United States Federal Census Bureau
1860- Agricultural Census for Campbell. On file at the Bancroft Library,
1880 University of California, Berkeley.
1920 Population Census for Campbell. On file at the Campbell Historical Mu-
seum.
United States Federal Land Commission
164ND Rancho Rinconada de los Gatos. On file at the Bancroft library, Uni-
versity of California, Berkeley.
226ND Quito Rancho. On file at the Bancroft Library, University of California,
Berkeley.
347ND Ex-Mission Santa Clara. On file at the Bancroft Library, University of
Califortia, Berkeley.
25
a
Watson, Jeanette
1989 Campbell, the Orchard City. Campbell: Campbell Historical Museum As-
sociation.
Wulf, W. A.
n. d. A History of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Typescript.
1994 Personal communication with Glory Anne Laffey.
Maps
County of Santa Clara, Surveyor's Office
1888 Recorded Map C:49. Subdivision of Campbell Tract at Campbell Station.
1894 Recorded Map H:69. Map of Campbell Western Addition to the Town of
Campbell.
1894 Recorded Map H:85. Map of Campbell's Southwest Addition to the Town
of Campbell.
1894 Recorded Map H:141. Map of Campbell's Southwest Addition ~1~2 to the
Town of Campbell.
1894 Recorded Map H:149. Map of the Sunnyoaks Tract, Rancho Rinconada de
Los Gatos.
1903 Recorded Map H:29. Map of the J. H. Campbell Addition to the Town of
Campbell.
1904 Recorded Map K:29. Map of the Sunnyside Tract, Subdivision of Lots 1
and 2.
Tracy, C. C.
1859 Plat of the Quito Rancho finally confirmed to Manuel Alvisu, et al. On file
at the Bancroft Library, University of Califortia, Berkeley.
Wallace, John
1858 Plat of the Rancho Rinconada de los Gatos finally confirmed to Jose Her-
nandez and Sebastian Peralta. On file at the Bancroft Library, University of
California, Berkeley.
26